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| Nomes de Ramessés II - Luxor |
Assim que um
novo faraó assumia o trono duas importantes cerimônias eram realizadas.
Na primeira o
faraó recebe de dois sacerdotes, representando os deuses Hórus e Seth, as
coroas do Egito. Na segunda são proclamados os nomes reais, aqueles que
designavam a natureza divina do rei e que a partir do dia da coroação seriam
usados nas estátuas, estelas, monumentos e inscrições oficiais, como forma de
revelar ao mundo o poder do faraó. A escolha destes nomes forma uma combinação
única, própria de cada soberano, modernamente denominada de protocolo real.
Para os períodos
dinásticos iniciais não existe uma forma padronizada para os títulos e nomes.
Nas três primeiras dinastias os reis são conhecidos pelo nome de Hórus no serekh
e a partir de Hórus Den na I Dinastia surge o nome precedido pelo título nsw-bity
(Rei do Alto e Baixo Egito)
A partir do
reinado de Senusret II, XII Dinastia, cada faraó passou a ter cinco nomes, cada
um era precedido por um título:
When a new pharaoh took the throne two important ceremonies were held.
In the first, the Pharaoh receives from two priests, representing the gods Horus and Seth, the crowns of Egypt. Then the royal names are proclaimed, the ones which designated the king's divine nature and from the day of the coronation, would be used in statues, stelae, monuments and official inscriptions as a way of revealing to the world the power of the Pharaoh. The choice of these names forms a unique combination, which belongs to each sovereign, modernly called royal protocol.
For the early dynastic periods there is no standardized form to the titles and names. In the first three dynasties, the kings are known by the name of Horus in serekh and from the Horus Den, in the I Dynasty, come the name preceded by the title nsw-bity (King of the Upper and Lower Egypt).
From the reign of Senusret II, XII Dynasty, each pharaoh had five names; each one preceded by a title:
1º: Nome de Hórus
1st: Name of Horus
It is written within a rectangle terminated at its bottom by an architectural decoration, representing the facade of the royal palace, called serekh. This royal building of pre-dynastic origin is often depicted with the god Horus as a falcon on its top. It does not describes the king as a Horus, but Horus as a king, that is, the god momentarily human at his earthly throne.
As deusas
protetoras dos dois reinos, Nekhbet a “Senhora do Alto Egito” representada por
um abutre e Uadjet a “Senhora do Baixo Egito” representada por uma cobra. O
faraó, colocado sob a proteção das deusas tutelares do Egito, é confirmado como
o unificador dos dois reinos.
2nd: Name of the Two Ladies
The protective goddesses of the two kingdoms, Nekhbet "Lady of Upper Egypt" represented by a vulture and Uadjet "Lady of Lower Egypt" represented by a snake. Pharaoh, placed under the protection of the tutelary goddesses of Egypt, is confirmed as the unifier of the two kingdoms.
2nd: Name of the Two Ladies
The protective goddesses of the two kingdoms, Nekhbet "Lady of Upper Egypt" represented by a vulture and Uadjet "Lady of Lower Egypt" represented by a snake. Pharaoh, placed under the protection of the tutelary goddesses of Egypt, is confirmed as the unifier of the two kingdoms.
Designa o soberano como vitorioso sobre seus inimigos, identificando-o com Hórus, que derrotou o seu inimigo Seth da cidade de Ombos (Nb.t a moderna Naqada). Este título é formado pela figura de Hórus como um falcão sobre o hieróglifo nb "ouro".
3rd: Name of “Horus of Gold”
It designates the sovereign as victorious over his enemies, identifying him with Horus, who defeated his enemy Seth at the city of Ombos (Nb.t the modern Naqada). This title is formed by the figure of Horus as a hawk on the hieroglyph nb "gold."
It designates the sovereign as victorious over his enemies, identifying him with Horus, who defeated his enemy Seth at the city of Ombos (Nb.t the modern Naqada). This title is formed by the figure of Horus as a hawk on the hieroglyph nb "gold."
Literalmente "Ele do Junco e da Abelha", uma referência aos símbolos do Alto e do Baixo Egito, o junco e a abelha, introduzido no reinado de Den na I Dinastia. Este título precede sempre o primeiro cartucho que contém o nome de trono ou nome de coroação.
4th: Name King of the Upper and Lower Egypt
Literally "He who belongs to the sedge and the bee", is a reference to the symbols of Upper and Lower Egypt, the sedge and the bee, introduced in the reign of Den, I Dynasty. This title always precedes the first cartouche that contains the throne name or the coronation name.
Criado na IV Dinastia no reinado de Djedefre (Redjedef). Lembra que o faraó é “O Filho de Rê”, o deus-sol, sendo o nome que lhe foi dado ao nascer e usado antes de tornar-se faraó. É o nome que nós usamos hoje em dia para designar os diferentes faraós. Este título precede sempre o segundo cartucho que contém o nome de nascimento.
5th: Name “Son of the Sun”
It was created in the Dynasty IV, reign of Djedefre (Redjedef). It remembers that the Pharaoh is "The Son of Re", the sun god, the name being given him at birth and used before becoming pharaoh. This is the name we use today to designate the various pharaohs. This title always precedes the second cartouche that contains the birth name.
A partir do Novo Império, este título passa a ser escrito antes do nome
de Hórus indicando o poder militar do faraó. Ele é seguido por uma frase
laureativa. Alguns faraós reelaboraram várias vezes o seu título de “Touro
Possante”, o faraó Séthi I possui 28 frases diferentes. Muitas vezes este
título é precedido pelo título de “Hórus Vivo” uma referência ao faraó como a manifestação terrena do deus
Hórus.
Powerful Bull
From the New Kingdom on, this title is written before the name of Horus indicating the military power of the pharaoh. He is followed by a laureate sentence. Some pharaohs elaborate several times his title of "Powerful bull," the Pharaoh Sethi I have 28 different titles. Often the title is preceded by the title "Living Horus" a reference to the pharaoh as an earthly manifestation of the god Horus.
Powerful Bull
From the New Kingdom on, this title is written before the name of Horus indicating the military power of the pharaoh. He is followed by a laureate sentence. Some pharaohs elaborate several times his title of "Powerful bull," the Pharaoh Sethi I have 28 different titles. Often the title is preceded by the title "Living Horus" a reference to the pharaoh as an earthly manifestation of the god Horus.
Os dois nomes
mais importantes e fáceis de reconhecer, o de Rei do Alto e do Baixo Egito e o
de nascimento, são envolvidos por um cordão chamado “cartucho” ou
"cártula", cuja origem é o sinal shen "envolver, circundar".
Simboliza o poder real, sobretudo o que é envolvido pelo sol em seu curso
diário pelo céu. Aparece entre as II e III Dinastias e a partir da III Dinastia
substitui o serekh como forma principal para caracterizar o nome real.
Só é usado de forma sistemática a partir de Snefru e somente no nome de trono.
A partir de Neferirkare (Kakaki) o cartucho passa a ser usado também no nome de
nascimento. Os nomes reais dentro dos cartuchos foram o ponto de partida para a
decifração dos hieróglifos.
CARTOUCHE
The two most important names and easy to recognize, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt and birth one, are surrounded by a chain called "cartridge" or "cartouche," whose origin is the sign shen "involving” “circling". It symbolizes royal power, especially what is involved by sun in its daily course across the sky. It appeared between Dynasties II and III and from the III Dynasty on, it replaced serekh as its primary way to characterize the royal name. From Snefru, this is only used in a systematic way and only in the throne name. From Neferirkare (Kakaki), the cartouche was also used in birth name. The royal names inside the cartouches were the starting point for deciphering the hieroglyphs.
POST-NOMEN
Outros elementos
foram incluídos nos cartuchos, como parte dos nomes reais, a partir do Novo
Império:
POST-NOMEN
Other elements were included in the cartouches, as part of the royal names, from the New Kingdom on:
"Ruler of Thebes" heqa-waset. Epithet originated with Amenhotep III that accompanies his birth name inside the cartouche. Waset was the ancient Egyptian name of Thebes.
"Ruler of Heliopolis" heqa-Iunu. Epithet originated with Amenhotep II and used by other pharaohs of the New Kingdom primarily by Rameses III. It accompanies their birth names inside the cartouche. Iunu, Heliopolis in Greek, was a former center of worship of the sun god.
"Ruler of the Upper Heliopolis" heqa-Iunu-shema. This is Tutankhamun’s epithet which came with his birth name inside the cartouche. "Iunu from the Upper" or "South Iunu" was another name for Thebes
Muitos dos nomes
de nascimento são acompanhados pela designação "amado de" mery junto ao nome da divindade de
devoção do soberano. Deve ser notada a utilização da transposição honorífica,
pela qual o nome da divindade é grafado primeiro, no interior do cartucho, mas
é lida por último:
Many of the birth names are accompanied by the term "beloved by" mery together with the sovereign’s worship deity name. It should be noted the honorific transposition use, whereby the name of divinity is written firstly, inside the cartouche, but is read by the latter:
Many of the birth names are accompanied by the term "beloved by" mery together with the sovereign’s worship deity name. It should be noted the honorific transposition use, whereby the name of divinity is written firstly, inside the cartouche, but is read by the latter:
"Beloved of Amon" mery-Amen. Epithet of Rameses II, among others, mainly in the XXI, XXII and XXIII Dynasties.
"Beloved of Ptah" mery-en-Ptah. Sethi epithet of I and II, among others, especially the Ptolemies.
OUTROS TÍTULOS
Outras expressões utilizadas
para designar o rei egípcio:
"Sua Majestade" hemef
OTHER TITLES
Other terms used to describe the Egyptian king:
"His Majesty" hemef
"The Great Double House" âa-perwy
"Great House" per-aâ
Esta última era
usada para designar o palácio real. Foi utilizada a partir da XVIII Dinastia
para designar o rei e na XXII Dinastia passou a fazer parte da titulatura real.
É deste título que vem, pela bíblia, o título faraó.
This latter was used to designate the royal palace. It was used from the Eighteenth Dynasty to designate the king and in Dynasty XXII it became part of the royal title. It is from this title which comes, by the Bible, the title pharaoh.
This latter was used to designate the royal palace. It was used from the Eighteenth Dynasty to designate the king and in Dynasty XXII it became part of the royal title. It is from this title which comes, by the Bible, the title pharaoh.
Alguns adjetivos eram
utilizados como títulos reais.
Some adjectives were used as royal titles.
Some adjectives were used as royal titles.
"The Perfect God" netjer-nefer. It is represented by the hieroglyphs that means "god" (a cloth tied to a pole) and "perfect, good, beautiful" (a stylized image of the lungs and trachea) accompanying his throne name.
"Lord of the Two Lands" tawy neb, royal title represented by the hieroglyphs meaning "lord" (the basket) and "Two Lands" (Upper and Lower Egypt - the two parallel lines) sometimes with grains of sand or two sandbars. It accompanies the throne name replacing or following the title "King of Upper and Lower Egypt," and also follows the title "Perfect God."
"Lord of the Ritual" or "Lord of Actions" is a title arosed during the Middle Kingdom that designates the sovereign as the only responsible for rituals and works in favor of the gods. It follows the title "King of Upper and Lower Egypt."
"Lord of the Apparitions" or "Lord of the Crowns". It is written using the signal representing a hill where emerge the rays from the rising sun. It associates the pharaoh to the god-sun when it "appears in Glory" (hai) and precedes the name "Son of the Sun." 
"do seu corpo" segue o título "Filho do Sol". Uma referência à essência divina do
soberano, filho divino."from your body" follows the title "Son of the Sun", a reference to the divine essence of the sovereign, divine son.
"(He) who does what is beneficial to your father". It designates the pharaoh as a benefactor, in deeds and actions, to his divine father, that is, his chosen deity then followed by the name of the God.
OUTRAS INSCRIÇÕES LIGADAS AOS NOMES REAIS
Após os
cartuchos com os nomes reais, os faraós são muitas vezes descritos como "dando" ou "doando" certas qualidades ou
capacidades. A palavra ( "dar" (di) é escrita
usando um sinal que representa um pão triangular, podendo ser seguida por
diferentes inscrições:
OTHER RELATED APPLICATIONS TO REAL NAMES
After the cartouches with the royal names, the pharaohs are often described as "giving" or "donating" certain qualities or abilities. The word "give" (di) is written using a signal representing a triangular bread, possibly followed by different applications:
"Life, Prosperity and Health".
"Life, Stability and Power". The was-scepter can also be translated as "domination".
"Protection". It also appears next to the deities.
"Health".
"Joy". Literally "to increase the heart."
"Like Rê". It is an epithet that associates the pharaoh to the sun god.
"Beloved". The epithet "beloved" (from) a particular god appears written on the cartouche with the birth name of some kings, but also appears after the cartouche.
"Behind Him". All the qualities listed before this inscription are understood as if they were next to Pharaoh. It can also follow the qualities attributed to the deities.
"Eternity". Refers to an eternal cyclic regeneration, such as the sun.
"Forever" or "Eternally". Refers to a linear eternity associated with Osiris. Often appears as the inscription that closes the text.
Para futuras leituras: / For further readings:
BECKERATH, Jürgen von. Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen. Mainz
am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 1999
